A home network service provider (NSP) provides both WLAN access and core networks.
A roaming NSP provides a WLAN access network on which the AAA server provides the proxy authentication function. The roaming NSP is not the STA's home NSP. When a STA connects to a roaming network, the AAA server on the roaming network sends the authentication request of the STA to the AAA server on the STA's home network to implement authentication on the STA.
Entities except the NSP, such as the shopping mall, coffee shop, and museum deploy WLAN access networks to provide services for STAs.