Configuring an SSH User and Specifying a Service Type

To use STelnet to log in to a device, configure an SSH user, configure the device to generate a local key pair, configure an authentication mode, and specify a service type for the SSH user.

Context

SSH users can be authenticated in RSA, DSA, ECC, SM2, X509v3-SSH-RSA, password, password-RSA, password-ECC, password-DSA, password-SM2, password-X509v3-RSA, or All mode.

If the authentication mode of an SSH user is RSA, DSA, SM2, or ECC, a local RSA, DSA, SM2, or ECC key pair must be available on the SSH server. In addition, the server needs to edit the public key of the client locally. After the editing, the public key is bound to the local user.

Table 1 compares the RSA, DSA, SM2, X509v3-SSH-RSA, and ECC algorithms.

**Table 1** RSA/DSA, SM2, X509v3-SSH-RSA and ECC algorithms
Algorithm	Application Scenarios
RSA/DSA	An asymmetric public key encryption algorithm, which improves encryption efficiency and simplifies key management. This algorithm allows the server to check whether the SSH user, public key, and digital signature are valid. User authentication succeeds only if all of them are the same as those configured on the server.
ECC	An asymmetric encryption algorithm similar to RSA and DSA. Compared with the RSA and DSA algorithms, the ECC algorithm has the following advantages: Provides the same security with shorter key length. Features a shorter computing process and higher processing speed. Requires less storage space. Requires lower bandwidth.
SM2	SM2 is an ECC-based asymmetric encryption algorithm.
x509v3-ssh-rsa	The X509v3-SSH-RSA algorithm is based on a PKI certificate and features better scalability and higher security. A PKI certificate must be bound to a user and server.

Table 2 describes the application scenarios of various authentication modes.

**Table 2** Application scenario of each authentication type
Authentication Mode	Application Scenarios
RSA authentication and DSA authentication	RSA and DSA are public key encryption systems and asymmetric encryption algorithms. They can effectively improve the encryption efficiency and simplify key management. The server checks whether the SSH user, public key, and digital signature are valid. User authentication succeeds only if all of them are the same as those configured on the server.
ECC authentication	Like RSA authentication, the server first checks the validity of the SSH user and whether the public key and the digital signature are valid. If all of them are consistent with those configured on the server, user authentication succeeds. User authentication succeeds only if all of them are the same as those configured on the server. Compared with RSA authentication, ECC authentication has the following advantages: Provides the same security with shorter key length. Features a shorter computing process and higher processing speed. Requires less storage space. Requires lower bandwidth.
Password authentication	On the server, the AAA module assigns each authorized user a password for login. The server has the mapping between user names and passwords. When a user requests to access the server, the server authenticates the user name and password. If either of them fails to be authenticated, the access request of the user is denied. NOTE: You are advised to select public key authentication instead of password authentication as the client identity authentication mode.
password-RSA, password-DSA, password-X509v3-RSA, password-ECC, or password-SM2 authentication	The server authenticates the client by checking both the public key and the password, and the authentication succeeds only when both the public key and the password are consistent with those configured on the server.
SM2 authentication	SM2 is a standard encryption algorithm. The server checks whether the SSH user, the public key assigned to the user, and the digital signature of the user are valid. User authentication succeeds only if all of them are the same as those configured on the server.
X509v3-SSH-RSA authentication	X509v3-SSH-RSA authentication is a PKI certificate authentication mode, which features better scalability and higher security.
All authentication	The SSH server authenticates a client by checking the public key or password. The client can be authenticated when either the public key or password meets the requirement.

For security purposes, do not use the RSA algorithm whose modulus bit value is less than 2048 for the SSH user. You are advised to use the ECC authentication algorithm instead.

The user level depends on the authentication mode and configuration selected by the access user.

If password authentication is selected for SSH users, the SSH user level is the same as that configured in the AAA view.
If public key authentication or PKI certificate authentication is used for SSH users, and the ssh authorization-type default { aaa | root } command has been run to configure the user authorization mode, the SSH user level is determined by the level configured in the authorization mode.
- If the authorization mode is AAA, the user level is the one configured in the AAA view.
- If the authorization type is root, the user level is the user level configured on the VTY interface.
If public key authentication or PKI certificate authentication is used for SSH users but the ssh authorization-type default { aaa | root } command has not been run to configure the user authorization mode, the SSH user level is determined by the level configured in the AAA view.

Data Preparation

Before editing a public key, you need to generate a key pair. For details about how to generate a key pair, see step 1 in Using STelnet to Log In to a Server.

Procedure

Run system-view
The system view is displayed.

Run ssh user user-name

An SSH user is created.

If password, password-RSA, password-DSA, password-SM2, password-X509v3-RSA or password-ECC authentication is configured for the SSH user, create a local user with the same name as the SSH user in the AAA view and set the local user's access type to SSH. For configuration details, see Table 3.

If RSA, DSA, SM2, X509v3-SSH-RSA, or ECC authentication is configured for the SSH user, and the default authorization mode AAA is configured for the SSH connection, create a local user with the same name as the SSH user in the AAA view and set the local user's access type to SSH. Otherwise, run the ssh authorization-type default root command in the system view to set the authorization mode of the SSH connection to Root.

**Table 3** Configuring a local user
Item	Operation
(Optional) Set the encryption mode of the local user password.	Run the crypto password irreversible-algorithm hmac-sha256 command in the system view.
Enter the AAA view.	Run the aaa command in the system view.
Configure a local user name and a password.	Run the local-user user-name password [ cipher password \| irreversible-cipher irreversible-cipher-password ] command. If cipher or irreversible-cipher is not specified, a password is entered in man-machine interaction mode and the system does not display the entered password. When the user security policy is configured, the value is a string of 8 to 128 case-insensitive characters without spaces. When the user security policy is not configured, the value is a string of 1 to 128 case-insensitive characters without spaces.When the user security policy is configured, the password cannot be the same as the user name or its reverse. The password must contain the following characters: upper-case character, lower-case character, digit, and special character. NOTE: Special characters do not include question marks (?) or spaces. However, when double quotation marks are used around a password, spaces are allowed in the password. Double quotation marks cannot contain double quotation marks if spaces are used in a password. Double quotation marks can contain double quotation marks if no space is used in a password. For example, the password "Aa123"45"" is valid, but the password "Aa 123"45"" is invalid. If cipher is specified, a password can be entered in either simple text or cipher text. If a password is entered in simple text, the password requirements are the same as those when cipher is not specified. When you input a password in simple text, the system displays the password in simple text mode, which brings risks. A password is displayed in cipher text in the configuration file regardless of whether it is entered in simple text or cipher text. If irreversible-cipher is specified, a password can be entered in either simple text or irreversible cipher text. If a password is entered in simple text, the password requirements are the same as those when irreversible-cipher is not specified. A password is displayed in cipher text in the configuration file regardless of whether it is entered in simple text or irreversible cipher text.
Set the local user's access type to SSH.	Run the local-user user-name service-type ssh command.
Exit the AAA view and return to the system view.	Run the quit command.

Perform any of the operations described in Table 4.

**Table 4** Configuring an authentication mode
Item	Operation	Remarks
Configure password authentication.	Run the ssh user user-name authentication-type password command.	If local or HWTACACS authentication is used and only a few users need to be authenticated, use password authentication.
Configure RSA authentication.	1. Run the ssh user user-name authentication-type rsa command to configure RSA authentication.	-
	2. Run the rsa peer-public-key key-name encoding-type enc-type command to enter the RSA public key view.	-
	3. Run the public-key-code begin command to enter the public key edit view.	-
	4. Enter hex-data to edit the public key. NOTE: Before editing the public key, you need to use the SSH client software to generate the RSA key pair on the SSH client. The following uses the PuTTYGen.exe software as an example. For the configuration procedure, see step 1 in Using STelnet to Log In to a Server. Copy all the public keys generated in step 1.c here. When editing the public key generated by PuTTY, set the encoding mode in step 2 to openssh. That is, run the rsa peer-public-key key-name encoding-type openssh command.	In the public key edit view, only hexadecimal strings complying with the public key format can be entered. Each string is randomly generated on an SSH client. For detailed operations, see the help document of SSH client software. After entering the public key edit view, you can send the RSA public key generated on the SSH client to the SSH server. Copy and paste the RSA public key to the device functioning as the SSH server.
	5. Run the public-key-code end command to exit the public key edit view.	-
	6. Run the peer-public-key end command to exit the public key view and return to the system view.	A public key can be generated only after a valid hex-data complying with the public key format is entered and the peer-public-key end command is run. If you run the peer-public-key end command after key-name specified in Step 2 is deleted in another view, the system displays a message, indicating that the key does not exist. The system then returns to the system view.
	7. Run the ssh user user-name assign rsa-key key-name command to allocate an RSA public key to the SSH user.	-
Configure DSA authentication.	1. Run the ssh user user-name authentication-type dsa command to configure DSA authentication.	-
	2. Run the dsa peer-public-key key-name encoding-type enc-type command to enter the DSA public key view.	-
	3. Run the public-key-code begin command to enter the public key edit view.	-
	4. Enter hex-data to edit the public key. NOTE: Before editing a public key, use the SSH client software to generate a DSA key pair on the SSH client. The following uses the PuTTYGen.exe software as an example to describe how to generate an RSA key pair. For the configuration procedure, see step 1 in Using STelnet to Log In to a Server. Copy all the public keys generated in step 1.c here. When editing the public key generated by PuTTY, set the encoding mode in step 2 to openssh. That is, run the dsa peer-public-key key-name encoding-type openssh command.	In the public key edit view, only hexadecimal strings complying with the public key format can be entered. Each string is randomly generated on an SSH client. For detailed operations, see the help document of SSH client software. After entering the public key edit view, you can send the DSA public key generated on the SSH client to the SSH server. Copy and paste the DSA public key to the device functioning as the SSH server.
	5. Run the public-key-code end command to exit the public key edit view.	-
	6. Run the peer-public-key end command to exit the public key view and return to the system view.	A public key can be generated only after a valid hex-data complying with the public key format is entered and the peer-public-key end command is run. If you run the peer-public-key end command after key-name specified in Step 2 is deleted in another view, the system displays a message, indicating that the key does not exist. The system then returns to the system view.
	7. Run the ssh user user-name assign dsa-key key-name command to allocate a DSA public key to the SSH user.	-
Configure ECC authentication.	1. Run the ssh user user-name authentication-type ecc command to configure ECC authentication.	-
	2. Run the ecc peer-public-key key-name [ encoding-type enc-type ] command to enter the ECC public key view.	-
	3. Run the public-key-code begin command to enter the public key edit view.	-
	4. Enter hex-data to edit the public key. NOTE: Before editing a public key, use the SSH client software to generate an ECC key pair on the SSH client. The following uses the PuTTYGen.exe software as an example to describe how to generate an RSA key pair. For the configuration procedure, see step 1 in Using STelnet to Log In to a Server. Copy all the public keys generated in step 1.c here. When editing the public key generated by PuTTY, set the encoding mode in step 2 to openssh. That is, run the ecc peer-public-key key-name encoding-type openssh command.	In the public key edit view, only hexadecimal strings complying with the public key format can be entered. Each string is randomly generated on an SSH client. For detailed operations, see the help document of SSH client software. After entering the public key edit view, you can send the ECC public key generated on the SSH client to the SSH server. Copy and paste the ECC public key to the device functioning as the SSH server.
	5. Run the public-key-code end command to exit the public key edit view.	-
	6. Run the peer-public-key end command to exit the public key view and return to the system view.	A public key can be generated only after a valid hex-data complying with the public key format is entered and the peer-public-key end command is run. If you run the peer-public-key end command after key-name specified in Step 2 is deleted in another view, the system displays a message, indicating that the key does not exist. The system then returns to the system view.
	7. Run the ssh user user-name assign ecc-key key-name command to allocate an ECC public key to the SSH user.	-
Configure SM2 authentication.	1. Run the ssh server publickey sm2 command to enable the SSH server public key algorithm.	-
	2. Run the ssh user user-name authentication-type sm2 command to configure SM2 authentication.	-
	3. Run the sm2 peer-public-key key-name command to enter the SM2 public key view.	-
	4. Run the public-key-code begin command to enter the public key edit view.	-
	5. Enter hex-data to edit the public key.	In the public key edit view, only hexadecimal strings complying with the public key format can be entered. Each string is randomly generated on an SSH client. For detailed operations, see the help document of SSH client software. After entering the public key edit view, you can send the SM2 public key generated on the SSH client to the SSH server. Copy and paste the SM2 public key to the device functioning as the SSH server.
	6. Run the public-key-code end command to exit the public key edit view.	-
	7. Run the peer-public-key end command to exit the public key view and return to the system view.	A public key can be generated only after a valid hex-data complying with the public key format is entered and the peer-public-key end command is run. If you run the peer-public-key end command after key-name specified in Step 2 is deleted in another view, the system displays a message, indicating that the key does not exist. The system then returns to the system view.
	8. Run the ssh user user-name assign sm2-key key-name command to allocate an SM2 public key to the SSH user.	-
Configure X509v3-SSH-RSA authentication.	1. Run the ssh user user-name authentication-type x509v3-rsa command to configure X509v3-SSH-RSA authentication for the specified user.	-
Configure X509v3-SSH-RSA authentication.	2. Run the ssh user user-name assign pki pki-name command to allocate a PKI certificate to the SSH user.	Currently, only the default certificate can be allocated to SSH users.

Run ssh user user-name service-type { stelnet | all }
The service type of the SSH user is configured.
(Optional) Run ssh server rsa-key min-length min-length-val
The minimum length of the RSA public key is specified.
(Optional) Run ssh user user-name cert-verify-san enable
SAN/CN verification is configured for the SSH user.
Run commit
The configuration is committed.